Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale

Full-Length 18-Item CCR Scale

The full-length 18-item Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale is designed to measure rapport between two interactants. We define rapport as "a feeling of mutual understanding and interpersonal connection among individuals developed through interactions." For more details on the creation and validation of the full-length CCR scale, please read our paper: Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale: A Dual-Factor Scale to Measure Human-Robot Rapport.

Full-Length 18-Item CCR Scale Citation

When using the CCR scale in your research, please cite the following paper:

Lin, T. H., Dinner, H., Leung, T. L., Mutlu, B., Trafton, J. G., & Sebo, S. (2025, March). Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale: A Dual-Factor Scale to Measure Human-Robot Rapport. In 2025 20th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (pp. 869-879). IEEE.

Full-Length 18-Item CCR Scale Administration

Use the following prompt in your questionnaire: "Rate how much you think the following was present in the interaction." Then, have participants rate each of the 18 items below on a five-point Likert scale: (1) Strongly Disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Neither Agree nor Disagree, (4) Agree, (5) Strongly Agree. The full-length CCR scale can be administered on paper or online. We also recommend randomizing the 18 items and separating them equally into two pages to reduce respondent fatigue (i.e., having 9 items on one page at once).

Full-Length 18-Item CCR Scale

Rate how much you think the following was present in the interaction.

Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Warmth ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Empathy ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Friendliness ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Sympathy ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Closeness ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Positivity ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Liking each other ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Enthusiasm ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Respect ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Getting along ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Excitement ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Connection ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Coordination ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Focus ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Attentiveness ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Smooth flow ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Equal participation ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Engagement ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯

Full-Length 18-Item CCR Scale Scoring

The full-length CCR scale can capture a score for each individual factor (connection and coordination) and rapport as an overall construct:

  1. Connection Factor: Average the participant’s ratings for the 12 items within the connection factor (Warmth, Empathy, Friendliness, Sympathy, Closeness, Positivity, Liking each other, Enthusiasm, Respect, Getting along, Excitement, Connection).
  2. Coordination Factor: Average the participant’s ratings for the 6 items within the coordination factor (Coordination, Focus, Attentiveness, Smooth flow, Equal participation, Engagement).
  3. Rapport: Average the scores from (1) Connection Factor and (2) Coordination Factor together to get one final score for rapport.

Reduced-Length 8-Item CCR Scale

The reduced-length 8-item Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale is a shortened and validated version of the full-length 18-item Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale, designed to save time and reduce participant survey fatigue. For more details on the creation and validation of the reduced-length CCR scale, please read our paper: The Reduced-Length Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale.

Reduced-Length 8-Item CCR Scale Citation

When using the CCR scale in your research, please cite the following paper:

Lin, T. H., Chen, G., Mutlu, B., Trafton, J. G., & Sebo, S. (2026). The Reduced-Length Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale. In ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction.

Reduced-Length 8-Item CCR Scale Administration

Use the following prompt in your questionnaire: "Rate how much you think the following was present in the interaction." Then, have participants rate each of the 8 items below on a five-point Likert scale: (1) Strongly Disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Neither Agree nor Disagree, (4) Agree, (5) Strongly Agree. The reduced-length CCR scale can be administered on paper or online. We recommend randomizing the display order of the items for each participant when administering this scale (e.g., using "Statement Randomization" in Qualtrics).

Reduced-Length 8-Item CCR Scale

Rate how much you think the following was present in the interaction.

Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Connection ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Getting Along ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Empathy ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Respect ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Coordination ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Engagement ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Smooth Flow ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯
Attentiveness ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯

Reduced-Length 8-Item CCR Scale Scoring

The reduced-length CCR scale can capture a score for each individual factor (connection and coordination) and rapport as an overall construct:

  1. Connection Factor: Average the participant’s ratings for the 4 items within the connection factor (Connection, Getting along, Empathy, Respect).
  2. Coordination Factor: Average the participant’s ratings for the 4 items within the coordination factor (Coordination, Engagement, Smooth flow, Attentiveness).
  3. Rapport: Average the scores from (1) Connection Factor and (2) Coordination Factor together to get one final score for rapport.

Contact

If you have questions about the CCR scale, please email Ting-Han Lin at tinghan@uchicago.edu.