Overview

The Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale is designed to measure rapport between a human and a robot. This scale contains scale items that are concise, forward-coded, applicable in a wide range of scenarios, and usable from both first-person and third-person perspectives. The CCR scale contains 18 items, each associated with one of the following two factors. For more details on the creation and validation of this scale, please read our paper: Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale: A Dual-Factor Scale to Measure Human-Robot Rapport.

Factor 1 – Connection: Warmth, Empathy, Friendliness, Sympathy, Closeness, Positivity, Liking each other, Enthusiasm, Respect, Getting along, Excitement, Connection

Factor 2 – Coordination: Coordination, Focus, Attentiveness, Smooth flow, Equal participation, Engagement

Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
Warmth	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Empathy	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Friendliness	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Sympathy	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Closeness	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Positivity	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Liking each other	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Enthusiasm	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Respect	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Getting along	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Excitement	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Connection	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Coordination	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Focus	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Attentiveness	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Smooth flow	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Equal participation	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯
Engagement	◯	◯	◯	◯	◯

Instructions for Administration

Each of the 18 items can be evaluated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). An example image of the CCR scale is displayed at the bottom of this page. The CCR scale can be administered on paper or online. We also recommend randomizing the 18 items and separating them equally into two pages to reduce respondent fatigue (i.e., having 9 items on one page at once).

Instructions for Scoring

To calculate a score for rapport with our CCR scale, we propose the following: (1) average the ratings from the items in the Connection factor, (2) average the ratings from the items in the Coordination factor, and (3) average the values from (1) and (2) to obtain a single score. The values from (1) and (2) can also be examined independently if the researchers prefer to focus on only one factor.

Citation

When using the CCR scale, please cite the following publication:

• Lin, T. H., Dinner, H., Leung, T. L., Mutlu, B., Trafton, J. G., & Sebo, S. (2025). Connection-Coordination Rapport (CCR) Scale: A Dual-Factor Scale to Measure Human-Robot Rapport. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction.

If you have questions about the CCR scale, please email Ting-Han Lin at tinghan@uchicago.edu.